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Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, back-end JavaScript runtime environment that runs on a JavaScript Engine and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser, which was designed to build scalable network applications. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js)
Node and NodeJS refers to the same thing.
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NPM (originally short for Node Package Manager) is a package manager for the JavaScript programming language maintained by npm, Inc. npm is the default package manager for the JavaScript runtime environment Node.js. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npm_(software))
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Nvm is a nodejs version manager. It let's you easily install and switch between versions. It retains globally installed packages for each version
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