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Sunday, February 3, 2013

Hercules (emulator)





Hercules is a computer emulator which allows software designed for IBM mainframe computers (System/370, System/390, and zSeries/System z) and for plug compatible mainframes (such as Amdahl machines) to run on other types of computer hardware, notably on low-cost personal computers. Although there are other mainframe emulators which perform a similar function, Hercules is significant in that it enables private individuals to run mainframe computer software on their own personal computers. Hercules runs under multiple parent operating systems including Linux, Windows,FreeBSD, Solaris, and Mac OS X and is released under the open source software license QPL.[1] It is analogous to Bochs and QEMU in that it emulates CPU instructions and select peripheral devices only. A vendor (or distributor) must still provide an operating system, and the user must install it. Hercules was notably the first mainframe emulator to incorporate 64-bit z/Architecture support, beating out commercial offerings.
Roger Bowler, a mainframe systems programmer, started development of the Hercules emulator in 1999. Jay Maynard currently maintains and hosts the project.



Hercules Version 3: Installation and Operation

Contents

Installation Procedure

Building from source - Windows (without Cygwin)

For building the MSVC version of Hercules on Windows (a version of Hercules that does not require Cygwin), Fish has instructions on his "MSVC Hercules Build Instructions" web page athttp://www.softdevlabs.com/Hercules/hercules-msvc-build.html.

Building from source - Windows with Cygwin

For building the Cygwin version of Hercules on Windows, Volker Bandke has instructions on his "Building Hercules for Windows" web page at http://www.bsp-gmbh.com/hercules/herc_w32_2.html.

Building from source - Linux and Mac OS X

  1. Download the distribution file hercules-3.07.tar.gz
    Note: By downloading this file you agree to the terms of the Q Public Licence.
  2. Use these commands to unzip the distribution file:
    tar xvzf ../hercules-3.07.tar.gz
cd hercules-3.07
  3. Verify you have all of the correct versions of all of the required packages installed:./util/cvslvlck
  4. Configure Hercules for your system:./configure
    By default, the configure script will attempt to guess appropriate compiler optimization flags for your system. If its guesses turn out to be wrong, you can disable all optimization by passing the --disable-optimization option to configure, or specify your own optimization flags with --enable-optimization=FLAGS
    For additional configuration options, run: ./configure --help
  5. Build the executables:make
  6. Install the programs: as root:make install
Important: You must use at least version 2.95 of the gcc compiler and the glibc2 library. Refer to the Hercules Frequently-Asked Questions page for required compiler and other software levels.

Installing prebuilt RPMs:

  1. Download the RPM file you want:
  2. Install the RPM:
    rpm -Uvh RPMfile
This will leave the Hercules executables in /usr/bin and the dynamic libraries in /usr/lib and /usr/lib/hercules, where you can run them from anywhere. Sample configuration files will be placed in /etc/hercules, and the IPLable card deck for the ZZSA standalone utility will be placed in /var/share/hercules.

Installing Debian packages:

Debian packages are available for "woody" and later releases.
  • Using apt: apt-get install hercules
  • Manually with dpkg:
    1. Download a .deb package
    2. dpkg -i DEB

Installing on Gentoo Linux:

Hercules is installed like any other Gentoo package: do emerge --sync if you haven't done it lately, then emerge hercules.
Do not try to override the optimization flags automatically selected by configure. Hercules stresses the gcc optimizer, and will break in subtle ways if the wrong optimization settings are used.

Installing on Mac OS X:

  1. Download the compressed disk image: hercules-3.07-tiger.dmg, hercules-3.07-leopard.dmg, or hercules-3.07-snowleopard.dmg. This package is a universal binary and requires the OS X version in the name, either 10.4 (Tiger), 10.5 (Leopard), 10.6 (Snow Leopard) or later. The Leopard and Snow Leopard versions include native 64-bit host support, while the Tiger version does not. The Tiger and Leopard versions will run on Intel or PowerPC Macs, while the Snow Leopard version will only run on Intel, as with Snow Leopard itself.
  2. Mount the image by double-clicking on it in the Finder. Your web browser may have done that for you already.
  3. Installation and use instructions are in the file OS X ReadMe.rtf.
  4. If you want to use CTC networking on your Hercules system, you will need to install the supplied Tunnel driver.

Installing on Windows (without Cygwin):

  1. Download the Windows 32-bit Installer package or the Windows 64-bit Installer package.
  2. Use the Windows Installer to install Hercules. The Windows Installer is included in Windows XP. It may already be on your older Windows system, depending on what other software you've installed. If it is, double-clicking on the Hercules package file will install Hercules. If not, you can download the Windows Installer for Windows NT and 2000 by following this link, or the Windows Installer for Windows 98 and ME by following this link.
  3. You will probably also want to install Fish's Hercules GUI for Windows. You can get it from http://www.softdevlabs.com/Hercules/hercgui-index.html.

Installing on Windows with Cygwin:

  1. Hercules 3.07 is now supplied as prebuilt binaries only in a native Windows version. This version will work perfectly well under Cygwin, as well as native Windows, and does not require any specific version of the Cygwin libraries. Follow the instructions above to install the native Windows version.

Configuration Procedure

You will need to amend the configuration file hercules.cnf to reflect your device layout and intended mode of operation (S/370, ESA/390, or z/Architecture). See the Hercules Configuration Filepage for a complete description.

Creating DASD volumes

The Creating Hercules DASD page describes various methods of creating and loading virtual DASD volumes. The compressed CKD DASD support is described in this page.

Operating Procedure

Note: If you intend to run any licensed software on your PC using Hercules, it is your responsibility to ensure that you do not violate the software vendor's licensing terms.

Starting Hercules

To start Hercules enter this command at the Unix or Windows command prompt:
    hercules  [ -f filename ]
              [ -d ]
              [ -p dyndir ]  [[-l dynmod ] ... ]
              [ > logfile ]
where:
filename
is the name of the configuration file. The default, if none is specified, is hercules.cnf. The default may be overridden via the HERCULES_CNF environment variable.
-d
specifies that Hercules is to be run in 'daemon' mode, wherein it runs invisibly with no attached console.
dyndir
is the directory from which dynamic modules are to be loaded. The default depends on the host platform on which Hercules is being run. This option overrides the default.
dynmod
is the name of an additional dynamic module to be loaded at startup. More than one additional module may be specified, although each must be preceded with the -l option specifier.
logfile
is an optional log file which will receive a copy of all messages displayed on the control panel
Next connect a tn3270 client to the console port (normally port 3270). The client will be connected to the first 3270 device address specified in the configuration file (this should be the master console address). If your master console is a 1052 or 3215, connect a telnet client instead of a tn3270 client.
Now you can enter an ipl command from the control panel.

Using the keyboard

The main Hercules screen contains a scrollable list of messages with a command input area and system status line at the bottom of the screen.
To scroll through the messages, use either the Page Up or Page Down keys, the Ctrl + Up Arrow or Ctrl + Down Arrow keys, or the Home or End and/or the Ctrl + Home or Ctrl + End keys.
Important messages are highlighted in a different color (usually red) and are prevented from being scrolled off the screen for two minutes. If Extended Cursor handling is available then important messages currently at the top of the screen can be removed early by moving the cursor to the line containing the message and then pressing enter.
Use the Insert key to switch between insert and overlay mode when typing in the command input area. Use the Home and End keys to move to the first or last character of the command you are typing, or the use the left/right arrow keys to move to a specific character. Use the Escape key to erase the input area.
Pressing Escape when the command input area is already empty causes the screen to switch to the semi-graphical "New Panel" display mode, which shows the overall status of the system and devices.
When in the semi-graphical "New Panel" display mode there is no command input area. Instead, single character "hot keys" are used to issue some of the more common functions such as starting or stopping the CPU. The hot-keys are those which are highlighted. Pressing the '?' key displays brief help information on how to use the semi-graphical panel.
Normal cursor handling
KeyAction
EscErases the contents of the command input area. If the command input area is already empty, switches to semi-graphical New Panel.
DelDeletes the character at the cursor position.
BackspaceErases the previous character.
InsertToggles between insert mode and overlay mode.
TabAttempts to complete the partial file name at the cursor position in the command input area. If more than one possible file exists, a list of matching file names is displayed.
HomeMoves the cursor to the start of the input in the command input area. If the command input area is empty, scrolls the message area to the top.
EndMoves the cursor to the end of the input in the command input area. If the command input area is empty, scrolls the message area to the bottom.
Page UpScrolls the message area up one screen.
Page DownScrolls the message area down one screen.
Up arrowRecalls previous command into the input area.
Down arrowRecalls next command into the input area.
Right arrowMoves cursor to next character of input area.
Left arrowMoves cursor to previous character of input area.
Ctrl + Up arrowScrolls the message area up one line.
Ctrl + Down arrowScrolls the message area down one line.
Ctrl + HomeScrolls the message area to the top.
Ctrl + EndScrolls the message area to the bottom.
The following additional keyboard functions are effective when the Hercules Extended Cursor Handling feature (OPTION_EXTCURS) is activated at compile time. At present, this feature is activated on the Windows platform only.
Extended cursor handling
KeyAction
Alt + Up arrowMoves cursor up one row.
Alt + Down arrowMoves cursor down one row.
Alt + Right arrowMoves cursor right one column.
Alt + Left arrowMoves cursor left one column.
TabIf cursor is outside the command input area, moves cursor to the start of the input in the command input area. Otherwise behaves as described in previous table.
HomeIf cursor is outside the command input area, moves cursor to the start of the input in the command input area. Otherwise behaves as described in previous table.
EndIf cursor is outside the command input area, moves cursor to the end of the input in the command input area. Otherwise behaves as described in previous table.

Panel commands

The following is what is displayed on the Hercules harware console (HMC) in response to the '?' command being entered. Please note that it may not be completely accurate or up-to-date. Please enter the '?' command for yourself for a more complete, accurate and up-to-date list of supported panel commands.
  Command      Description... 
  -------      ----------------------------------------------- 
  ?            list all commands 
  help         command specific help
 
  *            (log comment to syslog)
 
  message      display message on console a la VM 
  msg          same as message 
  msgnoh       same as message - no header
 
  hst          history of commands 
  hao          Hercules Automatic Operator 
  log          direct log output 
  logopt       change log options 
  version      display version information
 
  quit         terminate the emulator 
  exit         (synonym for 'quit')
 
  cpu          define target cpu for panel display and commands
 
  start        start CPU (or printer device if argument given) 
  stop         stop CPU (or printer device if argument given)
 
  startall     start all CPU's 
  stopall      stop all CPU's
 
  cf           configure current CPU online or offline 
  cfall        configure all CPU's online or offline
 
  .reply       scp command 
  !message     scp priority messsage 
  ssd          Signal Shutdown
 
  ptt          display pthread trace
 
  i            generate I/O attention interrupt for device 
  ext          generate external interrupt 
  restart      generate restart interrupt 
  archmode     set architecture mode 
  loadparm     set IPL parameter
 
  ipl          IPL Normal from device xxxx 
  iplc         IPL Clear from device xxxx 
  sysreset     Issue SYSTEM Reset manual operation 
  sysclear     Issue SYSTEM Clear Reset manual operation 
  store        store CPU status at absolute zero
 
  psw          display or alter program status word 
  gpr          display or alter general purpose registers 
  fpr          display floating point registers 
  fpc          display floating point control register 
  cr           display or alter control registers 
  ar           display access registers 
  pr           display prefix register 
  timerint     display or set timers update interval 
  clocks       display tod clkc and cpu timer 
  ipending     display pending interrupts 
  ds           display subchannel 
  r            display or alter real storage 
  v            display or alter virtual storage 
  u            disassemble storage 
  devtmax      display or set max device threads 
  k            display cckd internal trace
 
  attach       configure device 
  detach       remove device 
  define       rename device 
  devinit      reinitialize device 
  devlist      list device or all devices
 
  qd           query dasd
 
  automount    show/update allowable tape automount directories
 
  scsimount    automatic SCSI tape mounts
 
  cd           change directory 
  pwd          print working directory 
  sh           shell command
 
  cache        cache command 
  cckd         cckd command 
  shrd         shrd command 
  conkpalv     display/alter console TCP keep-alive settings 
  quiet        toggle automatic refresh of panel display data
 
  t            instruction trace 
  t+           instruction trace on 
  t-           instruction trace off 
  t?           instruction trace query 
  s            instruction stepping 
  s+           instruction stepping on 
  s-           instruction stepping off 
  s?           instruction stepping query 
  b            set breakpoint 
  b+           set breakpoint 
  b-           delete breakpoint 
  g            turn off instruction stepping and start CPU
 
  ostailor     trace program interrupts 
  pgmtrace     trace program interrupts 
  savecore     save a core image to file 
  loadcore     load a core image file 
  loadtext     load a text deck file
 
  ldmod        load a module 
  rmmod        delete a module 
  lsmod        list dynamic modules 
  lsdep        list module dependencies
 
  iodelay      display or set I/O delay value 
  ctc          enable/disable CTC debugging 
  toddrag      display or set TOD clock drag factor 
  panrate      display or set rate at which console refreshes 
  msghld       display or set the timeout of held messages 
  syncio       display syncio devices statistics 
  maxrates     display maximum observed MIPS/SIOS rate for the
               defined interval or define a new reporting interval
 
  defsym       Define symbol 
  script       Run a sequence of panel commands contained in a file 
  cscript      Cancels a running script thread
 
  evm          ECPS:VM Commands (Deprecated) 
  ecpsvm       ECPS:VM Commands
 
  aea          Display AEA tables 
  aia          Display AIA fields 
  tlb          Display TLB tables
 
  sizeof       Display size of structures
 
  suspend      Suspend hercules 
  resume       Resume hercules
 
  herclogo     Read a new hercules logo file
 
  traceopt     Instruction trace display options
 
  cmdtgt       Specify the command target
 
  herc         Hercules command
 
  scp          Send scp command
 
  pscp         Send prio message scp command
 
  sf+dev       add shadow file 
  sf-dev       delete shadow file 
  sfc          compress shadow files 
  sfk          check shadow files 
  sfd          display shadow file stats 

  t{+/-}dev    turn CCW tracing on/off 
  s{+/-}dev    turn CCW stepping on/off 
  t{+/-}CKD    turn CKD_KEY tracing on/off 
  f{+/-}adr    mark frames unusable/usable
The ipl command may also be used to perform a load from cdrom or server. For example if a standard SuSE S/390 Linux distribution CD is loaded and mounted on /cdrom for example, this cdrom may then be ipl-ed by: ipl /cdrom/suse.ins
The attach and detach commands are used to dynamically add or remove devices from the configuration, and the define command can be used to alter the device number of an existing device.
The devinit command can be used to reopen an existing device. The args (if specified) override the arguments specified in the configuration file for this device. The device type cannot be changed and must not be specified. This command can be used to rewind a tape, to mount a new tape or disk image file on an existing device, to load a new card deck into a reader, or to close and reopen a printer or punch device.
In single-step mode, pressing the enter key will advance to the next instruction.
There is also an alternate semi-graphical control panel. Press Esc to switch between the command line format and the semi-graphical format. Press ? to obtain help in either control panel.
Some commands also offer additional help information regarding their syntax, etc. Enter  "help <command name>"   to display this additional help information. (Note: not every command supports help)
When a command is prefixed with '-', the the command will not be redisplayed at the console. This can be used in scripts and is also used internally when commands are to be invoked without being redisplayed at the panel.

The  hercules.rc  (run-commands)  file

Hercules also supports the ability to automatically execute panel commands upon startup via the 'run-commands' file. If the run-commands file is found to exist when Hercules starts, each line contained within it is read and interpreted as a panel command exactly as if the command were entered from the HMC system console.
The default filename for the run-commands file is "hercules.rc", but may be overridden by setting the "HERCULES_RC" environment variable to the desired filename.
Except for the 'pause' command (see paragraph further below), each command read from the run-commands file is logged to the console preceded by a '> ' (greater-than sign) character so you can easily distinguish between panel commands entered from the keyboard from those entered via the .rc file.
Lines starting with '#' are treated as "silent comments" and are thus not logged to the console. Line starting with '*' however are treated as "loud comments" and will be logged.
In addition to being able to execute any valid panel command (including the 'sh' shell command) via the run-commands file, an additional 'pause nnn' command is supported in order to introduce a brief delay before reading and processing the next line in the file. The value nnn can be any number from 1 to 999 and specifies the number of seconds to delay before reading the next line. Creative use of the run-commands file can completely automate Hercules startup.

The "Hercules Automatic Operator" (HAO) Facility

The Hercules Automatic Operator (HAO) feature is a facility that allows one to automatically issue panel commands in response to certain messages being issued.
To use the Hercules Automatic Operator facility, one first defines a "rule" consisting of a "target" and an associated "command". The "target" is just a regular expression pattern used to match against the text of the various messages that Hercules issues as it runs. Whenever a match is found, the rule "fires" and its associated command is automatically issued.
The Hercules Automatic Operator facility is only for those messages issued by Hercules to its HMC (hardware console). It cannot be used for whatever messages the guest operating system may issue to any of its terminals. It is only a Hercules automatic operator and not a "VSE", "MVS", "VM", etc, automatic operator.
Defining a Rule
To define a HAO rule, enter the command:
   hao target
to define the rule's "target" match pattern (a simple regular expression), followed by the command:
   hao command
to define the rule's associated panel-command.
The target pattern is a simple regular expression value as defined by whatever regular expression facility your host build platform happens to support. For Windows it must be a Perl Compatible Regular Expression (PCRE). For other supported build platforms it might be some other supported regular expression syntax. Check your host platform's programming documentation for further details.
The associated command is whatever valid Hercules panel command you wish to issue in response to a message being issued that matches the given pattern target.
Other commands and limitations
To delete a fully or partially defined HAO rule, first use the 'hao list' command to list all of the defined (or partially defined) rules, and then use the 'hao del nnn' command to delete the specific rule identified by nnn. (All rules are assigned numbers as they are defined and are thus identified by their numeric value). Optionally, one may delete ALL defined or partially defined rules by issuing the command 'hao clear'.
The current implementation limits the total number of defined rules to 64. If you need to define more than 64 rules you will either have to build Hercules for yourself (increasing the value of the HAO_MAXRULE constant in hao.c) or else beg one of the Hercules developers to please do it for you.
Note that there is currently no way to define a command whose arguments vary based on actual message text. That is to say, there is currently no way to say
"Reply with the command 'devinit cuu filename' in response to message text 'HHCXXnnnI Device cuu intervention required.' where cuu is whatever cuu was identified in the message."
The HAO is not that sophisticated (yet). Only simple plain-text commands may be defined and issued. No automatic substitution is done based on message text (although normal 'DEFSYM' symbol substitution is supported however, as that is a normal panel-command feature supported separately from the HAO). This may possibly change in the future however, depending on user need/demand.
All defined rules are checked for a match each time Hercules issues a message. There is no way to specify "stop processing subsequent rules". If a message is issued that matches two or more rules, each associated command is then issued in sequence. Thus the advice to choose your rules' target patterns carefully very much applies here.

Technical Support

For technical support, please see our Technical Support web page.
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Last updated $Date: 2010-03-09 09:14:00 -0600 (Tue, 09 Mar 2010) $ $Revision: 5661 $

source: http://www.hercules-390.org/hercinst.html
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